کنکاشی تحلیلی بر ابزارها و سازوکارهای فراژنتیک: با تاکید بر اهمیت در اصلاح نژاد دام

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری ژنتیک و اصلاح دام، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.

2 گروه علوم دامی، دانشگاه یاسوج، کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، یاسوج، ایران.

3 گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.

4 دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.

5 پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

در اصلاح نژاد دام، وجود توزیع نرمال  صفات کمی و همچنین بهر مندی از اطلاعات مبتنی بر ساختار DNA، نقشی بنیادین در ایجاد و گسترش مدل‌هایی مناسب ارزیابی ژنومی را در پی داشته است. در این راستا، در حال حاضر، ثابت شده است که حوزه فراژنتیک در بروز صفات مختلف نقشی اساسی بازی می‌کند. علم فراژنتیک به بررسی تغییرات قابل وراثت در بیان ژن‌ها که مستقل از تغییرات در توالی نوکلئوتیدی DNA است، می‌پردازد. بنابراین، فراژنتیک می­تواند با روح حاکم بر توسعه‌ مدل‌های ژنتیکی در تباین باشد، زیرا، مبتنی بر فرضیه‌های ژنتیکی به کار رفته در اصلاح نژاد نیست. برای اولین بار، سعی شد که سازوکارهای فراژنتیک به طور موجز تقسیم بندی شوند و به صورت قابل فهم کاربرد آن در اصلاح نژاد، بررسی شود. از میان سازوکارها و ابزارهای فراژنتیک، متیلاسیون DNA و نشانه‌گذاری ژنومی در دامنه نسبتا وسیعی از گونه‌های حیوانات اهلی مورد کنکاش قرار گرفته‌اند. نشانه‌گذاری ژنومی به طور عملی، در مدلسازی‌های ژنتیکی در نظر گرفته شده‌اند. اما، تغییرات هیستونی، که روی چگونگی جای‌گیری نوکلئوزم‌ها اثرگذار است، سهم ناچیزی از پژوهش‌ها را به خود اختصاص داده است. چنین به نظر می‌رسد که آینده پژوهش‌های اصلاح نژادی تا حدی زیادی به درک فراژنتیک صفات وابسته باشد. انتظار می‌رود که فراژنتیک شاید بیشترین اثر خود را در روشن ساختن اثر متقابل محیط و ژنتیک، نشان دهد. از آنجاییکه، فراژنتیک سطح انتقال اطلاعات محیطی به ژنوم موجود است، این امکان در آینده وجود خواهد داشت که با کنکاش این سطح بتوان صفات نامطلوب مثل دنبه‌های بزرگ در بعضی نژاد‌های گوسفند ایرانی را به روش فراژنتیکی مدیریت کرد. این مدیریت به درک کامل فراژنتیک نیاز خواهد داشت.

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